Suchergebnisse

States of emergency and COVID-19 : Czech Republic / Jan Malíř, Jan Grinc -- States of emergency in Hungary / Zoltan Szente -- States of emergency in Poland : a model under construction? / Michał Ziółkowski -- Models of states of emergency in Slovakia and their political context : "We'll manage...somehow?" / Max Steuer -- Fundamental rights limitations in states of emergency : the Czech pattern / Jan Malíř, Jan Grinc -- The normative standards of human rights protection in normalcy and in emergency in Hungary / Fruzsina Gárdos-Orosz -- Human rights in states of emergency : constitutional principles and their application in the Republic of Poland / Monika Florczak-Wątor -- A widening gap? fundamental rights and states of emergency in Slovakia / Max Steuer, Radka Vicenová -- Emergency as a pretext for restricting political rights-the Hungarian autocratic regime at work / Zoltan Szente -- Restrictions on the freedom of assembly : the case of Poland / Piotr Tuleja -- Disproportionate restrictions on the freedom of movement : the Slovak Republic during the COVID-19 pandemic / Kamil Baraník -- Restrictions imposed on the right to education in the Czech Republic due to COVID-19 pandemic / Jana Ondřejková -- Restrictions on the right to a fair trial in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic / Marta Kłopocka-Jasińska.

Introduction : on the methodology of the research on case-based reasoning in constitutional adjudication / Monika Florczak-Wątor -- United States of America. The Supreme Court of the United States : legitimate law-maker and constitutional interpreter / Paweł Laidler -- Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada : the road to authority, legitimacy, and independence / Bradford W. Morse, Kimia Jalilvand -- Australia. Precedents and case-based reasoning in the Case-Law of The High Court of Australia / Selena Bateman, Adrienne Stone -- Germany. The role of precedents and case-based reasoning in the German Federal Constitutional Court / Ruth Weber, Laura Wittmann -- Hungary. Precedents and case-based reasoning in the Case-Law of the Hungarian Constitutional Court / Zoltan Pozsar-Szentmikolsy -- Italy. Precedents and case-based reasoning in the adjudications of the Italian Constitutional Court / Giovanni Cavaggion -- Latvia. Precedents and case-based reasoning in constitutional adjudication : The Republic of Latvia / Anita Rodiņa -- Poland. Precedents and case-based reasoning in the Case-Law of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland / Piotr Czarny, Monika Florczak-Wątor -- Romania. The Role of precedents and case-based reasoning in the Case-Law of the Romanian Constitutional Court / Bianca Selejan-Guțan, Elena-Simina Tănăsescu -- Court of Justice of the European Union - 'stone-by-stone' case-based reasoning / Alicja Sikora -- European Court of Human Rights. Precedent in the system of the European Convention on Human Rights / Krzysztof Wojtyczek -- Conclusion. The role of case-based reasoning in constitutional adjudication : a comparative study / Monika Florczak-Wątor.

This collection examines case-based reasoning in constitutional adjudication; that is, how courts decide on constitutional cases by referring to their own prior case law and the case law of other national, foreign, and international courts. Argumentation based on judicial authority is now fundamental to the resolution of constitutional disputes. At the same time, it is the most common form of reasoning used by courts. This volume shows not only the strengths and weaknesses of such argumentation, but also its serious methodological shortcomings. The book is comparative in nature, with individual chapters examining similar problems that different courts have resolved in different ways. The research covers three types of courts; namely the civil law constitutional courts of Germany, Italy, Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary; the common law supreme courts of the United States, Canada, and Australia; and the European international courts represented by the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. The authors are distinguished scholars from various countries who specialise in constitutional justice issues. This book will be of interest to legal theorists and practitioners, and will be especially insightful for constitutional court judges.

"This book analyses the specificity of the law-making activity of European constitutional courts. The main hypothesis is that currently constitutional courts are positive legislators whose position in the system of State organs needs to be redefined"--

This book analyses the specificity of the law-making activity of European constitutional courts. The main hypothesis is that currently constitutional courts are positive legislators whose position in the system of State organs needs to be redefined. The book covers the analysis of the law-making activity of four constitutional courts in Western countries: Germany, Italy, Spain, and France; and six constitutional courts in Central–East European countries: Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Latvia, and Bulgaria; as well as two international courts: the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The work thus identifies the mutual interactions between national constitutional courts and international tribunals in terms of their law-making activity. The chosen countries include constitutional courts which have been recently captured by populist governments and subordinated to political powers. Therefore, one of the purposes of the book is to identify the change in the law-making activity of those courts and to compare it with the activity of constitutional courts from countries in which democracy is not viewed as being under threat. Written by national experts, each chapter addresses a series of set questions allowing accessible and meaningful comparison. The book will be a valuable resource for students, academics, and policy-makers working in the areas of constitutional law and politics.

This monograph comprises five chapters, in which I have analyzed the problem of the horizontal effect of individual rights within the Polish constitutional reality.This book is an abbreviated version of my monograph that was published in Polish in 2014 by Jagiellonian University Press under the title 'Horyzontalny wymiar praw konstytucyjnych', and its purpose is to make the results of my research known to English-speaking readers and to disseminate the approach of the Polish judicature and jurisprudence on the horizontal effect of individual rights beyond the boundaries of Poland

Summary
The aim of this paper is to present how the State's obligation to protect the weaker party in a horizontal relationship can be reconstructed from the provisions of the constitution. The paper outlines the concept of the protective obligations of the State as well as the peculiarities of the horizontal relationships. It deals with normative grounds for the general obligation to protect an individual by the State and for the specific protective obligations with respect to particular rights and freedoms. The analysis is primarily based on the constitutional provisions of Visegrad Group countries and includes the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. The paper concludes that conflicts of the State's protective obligations resulting from conflicts of the rights and freedoms of individuals should be resolved in the same way in which the theory of law recommends resolving conflicts of constitutional principles.

[full article and abstract in English] This study examines the mechanism of the protection of customers of property developers that was introduced into Polish legal system by the Property Development Act adopted on 16 September 2011. Those customers are the weaker party to a property development contract that should be protected by the State. The article presents the very concept of the Polish property development contract, its substance and legal forms as well as its practical aspects. This issue of the protection of customers of property developers is of a great importance not only in Poland but also in other European countries that have experienced a boom in the real estate market in the last decade. The article discusses also the issue of the compatibility of the Property Development Act with the model of the State's protective obligations in horizontal relations that has been established under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997. The paper concludes by presenting some postulates of amendments to the Property Development Act submitted by consumer organizations, industry representatives and entrepreneurs as well as a very comprehensive draft of the amendment presented in May 2018 by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. This draft is currently at the stage of inter-ministerial consultations and it is difficult to foresee whether the new solutions will be adopted by Parliament in such a form. ; [straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba]

Konstytucja jest źródłem obowiązków państwa w stosunku do jednostki. Można wyróżnić obowiązki negatywne państwa, które polegają na nienaruszaniu praw jednostki, oraz obowiązki pozytywne, które wymagają od państwa działania, w tym również ochrony praw jednostki. Normy konstytucyjne statuujące te pierwsze obowiązki przynależą do kategorii reguł, a te drugie – do kategorii zasad. Państwo ma nie tylko obowiązek ochrony praw i wolności jednostki, lecz także obowiązek ich ograniczania wtedy, gdy jest to konieczne w demokratycznym państwie dla jego bezpieczeństwa lub porządku publicznego bądź dla ochrony środowiska, zdrowia i moralności publicznej, bądź też wolności i praw innych osób. Ograniczenia te nie mogą jednak naruszać istoty wolności i praw. Kolizja obowiązków państwa jest pochodną kolizji praw jednostki. Z tego powodu rozstrzyganie obu tych kolizji powinno być postrzegane jako jeden całościowy mechanizm ochrony praw jednostki.

Regulation of horizontal relations (that is, relations between individuals) at the constitutional level is a phenomenon that is commonly found at the present time in democratic countries. To some extent this is a departure from the traditional model of the constitution as the legal act that regulates relations between an individual and the state (vertical relations), although of course this latter issue is still the main subject of constitutional regulation. Next to vertical relations, as if in parallel, contemporary constitutions increasingly regulate completely different categories of legal relations, to which the state is not a party, such as the relations between employers and employees, parents and children, and entrepreneurs and consumers. This kind of horizontal relationship is also the subject of regulation under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland adopted by the National Assembly on 2nd April 1997. I would therefore like to consider the type of horizontal relations that are covered by constitutional regulation, the extent to which regulation affects these relations, and the significance of regulation. However, the text of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland will only be the starting point for the formulation of more general conclusions that – I strongly believe – are also suitable for many other European constitutional regulations.[.] ; Šiuo metu konstitucinis horizontaliųjų santykių, tai yra privačių asmenų santykių, reguliavimas yra dažnas demokratinėse šalyse reiškinys. Lenkijos Respublikos Konstitucija reglamentuoja darbuotojų ir darbdavių, tėvų ir vaikų, verslininkų ir vartotojų santykius. Ji taip pat reguliuoja ūkio vienetų ir privačių subjektų, kuriems valstybė pavedė konkrečių viešųjų užduočių vykdymą, santykius. Taip pat kitos Konstitucijos nuostatos gali būti naudojamos horizontaliesiems santykiams reguliuoti. Šiame darbe siekiama nustatyti, kokius horizontaliuosius santykius reguliuoja Konstitucija, kaip toli siekia šis reglamentavimas ir kokia yra jo reikšmė. Bendro pobūdžio išvadoms, tinkančioms ir kitokio pobūdžio santykiams reglamentuoti Europos šalių konstitucijų lygmeniu, formuluoti atspirties taškas yra Lenkijos Respublikos Konstitucijos tekstas. Darbo autorė svarsto galimybę taikyti įvairius subjekto teisių horizontaliajai veiklai modelius remiantis Lenkijos Respublikos Konstitucija. Ji daro išvadą, kad privačių asmenų santykių reguliavimas konstituciniu lygiu suteikia galimybę subjektams taikyti konstitucines nuostatas jų ginčams su kitais subjektais.

"Emergencies are ubiquitous in 21st-century societal discourses. From the rise of emergency pronouncements since 9/11 accompanied by the associated violations of fundamental rights, through talks of 'crises' in the EU in relation to the economy, Putin's occupation of Crimea-recently amplified by the full-scale invasion of Ukraine-or refugees, to the long-neglected climate emergency, emergency discourses have been catapulted to the center of attention by the critical juncture of the COVID-19 pandemic. This volume presents and compares the existing regulations and practices of emergencies and human rights protection in the Visegrad (V4) countries. As such, the analysis covers Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Although these European countries share a common historical experience and are now members of the EU and NATO, they differ in some of their constitutional traditions and, also, in the dynamics of their political regimes. Divided into three parts, the first two comprehensively discuss the constitutional models of emergency and human rights protection in each of the V4 countries, while the third part illustrates how these models and the general framework of rights protection materialised in the limitations of the selected human rights during the COVID-19 pandemic. The volume provides a compass for more in-depth, comparative, and interdisciplinary inquiries into the forms and practices of emergencies in one of the EU regions that face illiberalisation and the consequences of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation on its eastern borders. It will be a valuable resource for academics, researchers, and policy-makers working in the areas of Constitutional Law and Politics"--